4-5 Development, Utilization and Demostration of Renewable Energy A. Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Power Utilization B.The Development of A Large Size Wind Turbine Generator C.Exploitation, Utilization and Demonstration Projects of Biomass Energy   4-5a Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Power Utilization Project Scope and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 This project seeks to facilitate the research, development and diffusion of new types of high performance solar collectors, and to promote the development of the photovoltaic industry by strengthening research and development of solar cell technologies, by lowering production and implementation costs, and by enlarging the market for these technologies. The project is based on programme areas 12B, 12C, and 13D of China's Agenda 21. 1. Background Energy shortages and severe environmental pollution caused by the burning of fossil fuels (particularly coal) are core problems which constraint the development of China's economy. The use of solar energy would ease the pressure caused by the shortage of conventional energy resources, and would decrease the emission of harmful CO2 into the atmosphere. The Chinese government has paid much attention to the research, development and diffusion of solar energy technologies. In the past years, some of these research and development projects have been incorporated into the national Five Year Plans. With regard to solar thermal utilization, a variety of flat plate collectors (FPC) and solar water heaters have been produced in China over the last twenty years. The collectors are now widely commercialized throughout China, and show a gradual increase in their annual output. As for the manufacture of solar water heaters, there are at present more than 100 factories and workshops throughout China with a yearly output of over 400,000-500,000 m2. In addition, as the result of research and development, China has produced an all-glass evacuated tubular collector, and a new type of high level heat pipe evacuated tubular collector (ETC) has been developed and produced. Thus, China has established a solid foundation for further research and development and international cooperation. With regard to photovoltaic power generation, there are at present six factories which manufacture solar cells in China. These factories have a combined annual production capacity of 4.5 MW. The application scope of solar cells has been extended gradually in agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, culture and education, medicine and health care, transportation, communication, meteorological and seismological measurement and household consumption. By the end of 1993, the total installed power of photovoltaic systems in China will be approximately 3.5 MWp. Solar thermal utilization is presently only used for low temperature applications such as solar water heating, and should be extended for use at intermediate and even high temperature applications such as solar air conditioning and solar process heating. The annual solar cell output is limited because of low efficiency and high costs. Therefore, research and development capacity must be strengthened to overcome these problems and to make solar cells competitive in the marketplace. 2. Objectives Long term Objectives To facilitate the research, development and diffusion of new types of high performance solar collectors and to extend the use of these devices to wider temperature applications, in a gradual, step-by-step manner. To promote the progress of the photovoltaic industry, to strengthen research and development on solar cell technologies, make production costs competitive and to expand the market for the industry's products. Immediate Objectives To develop solar thermal utilization, by taking the following actions: - Research and develop new types of evacuated tubular collectors; - Produce high performance solar collectors on a large scale and reach an annual output of 800,000-1,000,000 m2; - Build two demonstration plants for solar process heating systems, with a power of 200 KW and an operating temperature of 150-200 oC; - Develop and build a demonstration plant for a solar air-conditioning system suitable for southern China, with a cooling capacity of 200 KW.   To promote photovoltaic power generation, by taking the following actions: - Develop poly-crystalline silicon solar cell technologies and import necessary manufacturing facilities to build a production line with annual capacity of 2 MW and to lower the cost to $2/Wp; - Emphasize development of high efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar cells and set up a 0.5 MW pilot line for the purpose of reforming the current PV manufacturing plants. By the year 2000, the annual production capacity should be more than 8MW; - Research and develop solar cell technologies and PV system technologies to contribute to the progress of PV manufacturing and applications. The efficiency will be increased to more than 20 percent, preferably up to 25 percent for the high efficiency mono-crystalline silicon solar cells. The cost of electricity from PV should be reduced to $0.15/KWH which will be competitive in the market; - Set up demonstrations and distribute PV systems to remote and rural areas to improve the living conditions of the local people and help the development of the local economy. The total installed power of solar cells will be more than 20MW by the year 2000.   3. Activities 3.1 Work out a strategic plan Conduct an investigation on the current status of solar energy resources and work out a strategic plan for the utilization of solar energy in China. 3.2 Solar thermal utilization Set up and improve solar thermal laboratories with: - magnetron sputtering selective coating - metal-glass sealing - glass-flange fabricating - outgassing The duration of this activity will be 18 months. Research and develop high performance solar collectors with: - one-through type ETC - concentric-tube type ETC - storage type ETC - cusp-mirror ETC The duration of this activity will be 30 months. Conduct system research and build up demonstration plants for solar thermal utilization for: - solar air-conditioning system - solar process heating system The duration of this activity will be three years. Produce high performance solar collectors on a large scale, to attain annual outputs of: - 600,000-800,000 m2 by 1996 and - 800,000-1,000,000 m2 by 2000 The duration of this activity will be seven years. Diffuse technology of solar thermal utilization for: - solar water heating system - solar air-conditioning system - solar process heating system The duration of this activity will be seven years. 3.3 Photovoltaic power generation Import a furnace with 120Kg ingot casting capacity and the other key facilities to set up a production line for poly-crystalline silicon solar cells with 2 MWp annual production capacity. The duration of this activity will be seven years. Set up a 0.5 MW pilot line, develop technology to manufacture buried contact solar cell to reform existing solar cell manufacturing plants and achieve a solar cell yearly output of more than 8 MW. The duration of this activity will be seven years. Set up two modern laboratories: one to research and develop solar cell technologies and the other for PV system technologies. For the construction of the two laboratories some equipment will need to be imported. The duration of this activity will be four years. Set up the following PV demonstrations in remote and rural areas: - 100 KWp central PV generation station to provide electricity to a typical village, for the supply of drinking water for people and animals and for household electricity consumption - 1,000 PV home systems with 100 Wp of solar cells for each - 60 KW wind-PV hybrid system on a typical island to supply both electricity and fresh water to the local people - 500 central-controllable grid connected systems (1KW-5KW for each) to investigate the feasibility of the systems for larger scale PV applications in the future The duration of this activity will be seven years. The project will be organized by the State Planning Commission, the State Science and Technology Commission, and the State Economic and Trade Commission. 4. Inputs 4.1 National inputs are required for: project administration experts and other personnel, transport, office equipment, instruments and equipment obtained domestically relevant scientific and technical information construction of demonstration plants loans 4.2 International inputs are required for: construction of laboratories exchange of technological experience technical consultancy and personnel training cooperation in research, such as on new types of ETCs; capital, and imports of technology and equipment for the construction of demonstration plants capital, and imports of technology and equipment for mass production 4.3 Budget The total budget is US $28.82 million. Domestically, the state allocations amount to US $2.68 million and loans of $10.7 million. Foreign grants required amount to $2.24 million and soft loans to $13.2 million. Budget by activity (in million US dollars) Activity Chinese Input Allocation Loan External Input Grant Soft loan Total 3.1 0.07 0.07 0.14 3.2 1.29 1.20 1.01 1.20 4.70 3.3 1.32 9.50 1.16 12.00 23.98 Total 2.68 10.70 15.00 1.00 28.82 Budget by items (in million US dollars) Activity Chinese Input Allocation Loan External Input Grant Soft loan Total Project administration 0.25 0.25 Construction 0.18 2.70 5.20 8.08 Test equipment 0.21 0.21 0.42 Technical data 0.15 0.15 0.30 Technical investigation 0.12 0.12 0.24 Technical training 0.42 0.45 0.87 Technical equipment 1.01 8.00 1.01 8.00 18.02 Experts 0.34 0.30 0.64 Total 2.68 10.70 2.24 13.20 28.82 5. Benefits Solar thermal utilization activities will save 6 million tons of coal each year and will bring China great commercial and social benefit, and play an important role in the improvement of environment. Photovoltaic power generation activities will supply electricity to 100,000 peasants and herdsman households living in remote areas and without other access to electricity. The solar cells will improve their standard of living. Research, development and diffusion of solar energy application are important for saving conventional energy resources and the reduction of pollution. The upgraded technology of solar energy and solar equipment will improve the solar energy products market and the investment climate in China for foreign enterprises. 4-5b The Development of A Large Wind Turbine Generator Project Scope and Relationship to Cbma's Agenda 21 The project seeks to supply large wind turbines that are oost effective and reliable in operation, to meet the rapidly growing demand of wind farms in China. The project is based on prograrnme area 13D of China's Agenda 21 and is relevant to programzne area 12C. 1. Background At present the proportion of power generated in China by fossil I\iels, such as coal and oil, is more than 80 percent, resulting in hannful emissioiis. But pollution is not China's only acute energy- related problem. So is shortages of energy. Thus, both problems couldbe alleviated by using alternative, and cleaner, energy resources. China is rich in renewable sources of energy and the development and utilization of new energy sources on a large scale will improve the country's energy structure. China's wind energy potentiai is large, with estiniated utilizable wind energy equivalent to 1.4 times the 1993 level of total power generation iiistalled capacity of the whole country. The geographical and seasonal distribution of potential wind energy resources are also fairly good, with the potential for complementing other sources of energy. Wind power generation, moreover, is the most economic new energy source available, and can be commercialized on a larbte scale. By the end of 1993 the global iiistalled capacity of wind fanns equalled 3000 MW. Successful foreign experiences on installed capacity and manufacturing technologies could be he1pful to China in its efforts to harness wind energy resources. Wind turbine generators ranging from 55 KW to 200 KW have been developed in China, and some of these have been put into small-scale production. Since 1986 several demonstration wind farms have been constructed with international cooperation, including farms in Shandong, Fujian, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Liaoning, with a total installed capacity up to 14 MW. The technology of integrating electricity generated by wind-farms to local power grids has proven to be feasible. Also social and economic benefits are increasingly tangible. For example, in Guangdong Province, the electricity production of Nan'ao County Wind Farm in 1993 is equal to 25 percent of the total power consumption for the whole county, whereas wind power generating cost are lower than that of the local conventional oil fired power plant. The Ministry of Electric Power is planning to set a target that by year 2000 the installed capacity of wind farms in China should reach 1000 MW, reducing greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions by 2 million tons. To expand the application of wind power, it is necessary to enlarge the size and the installed capacity of wind turbine generators. For this purpose, it is urgently necessary to introduce the technology for the manufacture of a 500 KW wind turbine generator. 2. Objectives Long-term Objectives To supply large wind turbines that are cost effective and reliable in operation, in order to meet the rapidly growing demand for wind farms in China. The project aims in particular to transfer to China the technology for large size wind turbine generators, the organization of R&D and production, and the creation of a wind power market. Immediate Objectives The construction of a demonstration wind farm consisting of large size wind turbine generators The establishment of a large size wind turbine generator manpfacturing capacity The completion of a scientific research, training and test base for high level wind energy utilization technology, for personnel training on management and technology, and the strengthening of international cooperation 3. Activities 3.1 To construct a demonstration wind farm with an installed capacity of 5 MW. By means of international aid and technological exchange, to import 500 KW commercially mature wind turbine generators To install 10 imported 500 KW wind turbine generators for demonstration and test under China's wind conditions Duration of this activity will be three years. 3.2 To establish a manufacturer with the ability to produce 200 units of 500 KW wind turbine generators per year. Based on the experience gained in the demonstration wind farm mentioned in above activity 3.1, as well as in the development of 200 KW wind turbine generators through the National Key Technologies progrannne during the Eighth Five Year Plan (1991-1995), to digest and absorb the introduced technology of 500 KW wind turbine generators Collaboration with foreign enterprises to set up a production line for a 500 KW wind turbine generator, and gradually increase the proportion of locally made components, in order to lower the cost and upgrade the production capacity up to 100 MW annually The duration of this activity will be four years. 3.3 To establish a base for scientific research, training and testing. With the development of large size wind turbine generators, to conduct basic research on wind energy technology, strengthen the capacity to digest and absorb introduced technology, and establish related laboratories Develop software packages for large size wind turbine generator design, wind turbine operation modelling system, and wind farm site selection To perfect the measuring system for large wind turbine generator The duration of this activity will be five years. lmplementing agencies are the State Planning Commission, the State Economic and Trade Commission, and the State Science and Technology Commission. The Chinese Wind Energy Development Centre, and others relevant units, will also be involved. 4. Inputs 4.1 Chinese inputs Management of projects Domestic experts and other personnel, local transport, office facilities and necessary equipment available in China Related scientific and technical information Engineering equipment for the demonstration wind farm and infrastruture for the wind turbine generator manufacturer 4.2 International cooperation Technical consultancy, personnel training and technology exchange Provision of machines for demonstration and technology transfer Establishment of a manufacturer for large wind turbine generators by joint venture. 4.3 Budget Budget (in million US dollars) Activity Chinese Inputs International Inputs Grants Loan Total 3.1 Management Technical training Fee for experts Wind farm construction 0.05 0.02 0.02 5.00 0.10 0.10 1.50 3.50 10.29 3.2 Management Technical information Production line Fee for experts 0.10 0.05 2.00 0.05 0.10 6.20 8.50 3.3 Management Fee for experts Technical information Software package Laboratory Measuring system 0.10 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.85 Total 7.94 2.00 9.70 19.64 5. Benefits The demonstration wind farm proposed in this project will produce 10 million KWh annually, thereby meeting the demand of electricity for 10,000 families. Air pollution will be reduced as 10,000 tons of CO2 emissions are avoided. More jobs could be created by the establishment of a large wind turbine generator manufacturer. The key technology on wind energy will be developed, more qualified personnel will be trained, a scientific research and demonstration base will be perfected, and the capacity to produce domesticaiiy large wind turbines would be strengthened. A solid foundation will be laid for the development and large scale utilization and the improvement of the electric power industry in the 21st century. A foundation will be laid for creating a market for wind power market which is beneficial to foreign enterprises entering China's market. 4-5c Exploitation, Utilization and Demonstration Projects of Biomass Energy Project Scope and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 The project is based on the objective of sustainable use of natural resources of chapter 13D of China's Agenda 21. It is further related to 13B and 18C. 1. Background Biomass is one of the important energy resources on which people have come to rely, and it is estimated that 40 percent of the world's energy consumption will come from biomass in the next century. In China's countryside, already 70 percent of the energy consumption is from biomass. However, most of the rural biomass energy consumption is achieved by direct burning, which results in a serious squandering of energy resource, and health hazards for those exposed to the smoke and ash. In addition, biomass itself emits greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Due to the rapid growth of industry and energy consumption in the countryside, the energy shortage is more than 30 percent. Forests are cleared for wood faster than new forests can be reclaimed. As a result, forests are destroyed, water lost, soil eroded, and land lost to the desert. Thus, improving the exploitation and use of biomass energy will play an active role in solving problems of energy and environment in China and the world at large. The government pays great attention to the exploitation and utilization of biomass energy, and has provided for many research and application projects since 1981. Many fruitful results and applications have been achieved and considerable social and economic benefits gained. Examples are the household digester, industrial biogass, planting of fuel forest, fuel saving stove and biomass briquetting fuel. A number of institutions and entities have contributed to research and development of biomass energy, and as a result, some new technologies have been introduced to improve the efficiency of biomass energy, such as biomass pyrolysis gasification, liquefaction and carbonization. However, the application of new technology in the field of biomass energy is just at the onset and some problems need to be resolved, such as high system energy input, low energy conversion efficiency, and high product cost. It is necessary to set up some demonstration projects for developing some excellent technology. 2. Objectives Long term Objectives To reduce energy shortages, eliminate health hazards, and reduce air pollution by development and diffusion of biomass energy technology in the whole country. In the coming century, biomass energy products such as solid fuel, liquid fuel, combustible gas, electricity and heat have to substitute partly the fossil fuel. Immediate Objectives To develop a national plan for development and diffusion of biomass energy; To develop new technology for improving the utilization and efficiency of biomass energy; To establish demonstration projects with an annual energy output of 10,000toe from biomass. 3. Activities 3.1 Drawing up of a national plan for the exploitation and utilization of biomass energy. To organize technical exchange among domestic and international experts, and establish a network management system; To send some experts abroad to survey international techniques and seek international assistance; To seek ways to acquire technology and equipment; To research the capacity of and demand for biomass energy resources in the whole country; To develop a national plan and implementation programme for the exploitation and utilization of biomass energy. The duration of this activity will be one year. 3.2 Development of new biomass energy technology. To establish a pilot system for biomass pyrolysis liquefaction in Beijing: - To treat 2,000 kg of maize straw and produce 600 kg of oil fuel daily; - To introduce equipment from abroad; To establish a pilot plant for the production of alcohol from cellulose wastes in Shanghai: - To use bagasse and other wastes and produce 1,000 kg of alcohol per day; - To cooperate with industrial countries in technology development. The duration of this activity will be six years. 3.3 Establishment of demonstration plants for the exploitation and utilization of biomass energy. To establish a demonstration plant for tri generation of biomass energy in Yingkou, Liaoning Province: - To treat 6000 tons of rice husk and straw yearly and to produce energy products equal to about 1000 TOE per year, such as thermal energy, electricity and combustible gas for industry production and household consumption. - To introduce the gasification, tar removal and electricity generator systems from abroad. To establish a demonstration plant for multi energy production from biomass in Zhalaite Qi, Inner Mongolia: - To treat agricultural waste, brown coal or peat into good quality energy products, about 9000 TOE per year, such as gas fuel, liquid fuel, solid fuel, heat, electricity and methanol; - To introduce the high temperature pyrolysis system and methanol synthesis system from abroad. The duration of this activity will be six years. All three actions above would be organized by the State Science and Technology Commission, the State Planning Commission and State Economy and Trade Commission, and the China Biomass Development Center and other institutes would take part in this activity. 4. Inputs 4.1 Chinese Input Administration of the projects: Domestic experts and other personnel, local transport, office facilities and necessary equipment available in China; Related scientific and technical information; Domestic necessary equipment and operation funds for the projects; 4.2 International cooperation International technology exchange and consultant, personnel training; Cooperative research on alcohol production from cellulose waste and methanol synthesis. Introduction of technology of gasification electricity generation, catalyst gasification, and high-temperature pyrolysis liquefaction. 4.3 Budget Budget (in million US dollars) Activity Chinese Inputs External Input Grant Soft loan Total Management 0.10 0.10 Information 0.01 0.01 0.02 Inspection 0.02 0.04 0.06 Training 0.10 0.10 0.20 Equipment 3.60 0.55 5.00 9.15 Engineering constuction 3.00 3.00 Fee for experts 0.10 0.10 0.20 Total 6.93 0.80 5.00 12.73 Text Browser Utilities: [ Back ACCA21 Home] For more information about ACCA21 contact: web@acca21.edu.cn Address: 109 Wanquanhe Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China Telephone: +86-10-82636193, +86-10-82634400 Ext.2401 Fax: +86-10-82636192