6-3 Water Pollution Control and Environmental Recovery of Lakes A. Water Pollution Control and Demonstration Project for Dianchi Lake B. Water Pollution Control and Sustainable Use of Resources in the Water-land Ecosystem of Baiyangdian Lake C. Conservation of Water Environment and Ecology of the Bosteng Lake In Xinjiang, China 6-3a Water Pollution Control and Demonstration Project for Dianchi Lake Project Scope and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 This project is intended to restore the ecological balance of the Dianchi Basin, Yunnan Province. It emphasizes non-point source pollution control techniques and is characterized by a series of model engineering measures. The project is based on the sustainable development and capacity building objectives of programme area 14E of China's Agenda 21 and contributes to a number of related fields including water environmental protection, conservation of land, water and biodiversity resources, leading to sustainable development of the Dianchi Basin. 1. Background Dianchi Lake is a famous fresh water lake located near Kunming City on the Yungui Plateau of Southwest China, and is one of the key lake protection sites in China. Agricultural and industrial output in the Dianchi lake basin account respectively for 79.8% and 82.2% of Kunming City's total. It is not only the biggest drinking water source for the city, but serves many other functions, including water supply for agriculture and climate regulation. In addition, it plays a very important role in maintaining the equilibrium of the regional ecosystem. In fact, Dianchi Lake is so important to the local economy that without it, Kunming could not have developed to its present economic level. The area of Dianchi Lake is shrinking annually and water pollution problems in the lake are increasingly serious. In summer and autumn, 84% of the lake surface is covered with algae, which affects the operation of the No.3 Municipal Water Plant, which sometimes has to stop production. The Fifth Water Plant on the east shore of Dianchi Lake also is unable to maintain normal operation due to algal blooms. Reduced supplies and poor quality of tap water has evoked very strong public response in the surrounding urban areas. The Waihai Lake section of Dianchi Lake is affected by about 0.2 billion tons of waste water runoff, containing 5,000 tons of total nitrogen and 500 tons of total phosphorus. The main task of controlling Lake Dianchi will be: control of urban point sources, and control of surface sources of the basin to restore the ecological balance of the lake. The control of point sources has been planned by the city government and some engineering measures have been implemented. However, the ecological park project is an important measure for pollution control of Dianchi Lake. Rational economic utilization of the lake is to be integrated with protection through construction engineering, serving the dual purpose of ecological protection and tourism and recreation. Studies have been done on comprehensive prevention and control techniques for eutrophication and maximum nitrogen and phosphorus levels for typical lakes, including: Studies on measurement techniques for non-point sources Investigation and analysis of the inflow of pollutants from storm runoff in the year 1988 Variations in pollution loading under different types of land use Analysis of runoff characteristics Nutrients sources in the storm runoff In the national key research projects of the current Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the studies related to this project are: Studies on techniques for model engineering of the protection zone on the lake shore Techniques for controlling agricultural pollution runoff Techniques for pre-reservoir engineering Studies on ecological recovery engineering of small basins Advisors from UNESCO have been invited to conduct training on the techniques of ecological lake shore engineering and eutrophication prevention. 2. Objectives The overall objective of this project is to suggest management measures and suitable technical and engineering measures for the control of eutrophication and for the water reclamation in Dianchi Lake and to construct the related demonstration project. 3. Activities 3.1 Control non-point pollution sources in Dianchi Lake. Investigate the types and characteristics of land resources, the present situation of land exploitation and the land use patterns of the Dianchi Lake Basin. Establish an engineering programme for water and soil erosion control and vegetation recovery in the areas undergoing ecological disruption, including establishment of water and soil erosion models, a study on quantitative relationship between water and soil erosion and vegetation coverage, water and soil conservation and afforestation. Develop techniques for vegetation recovery in waste land and mines, through studies on physical-chemical properties and evaluation of waste land, the effect of waste land on plant growth, screening of plant species suitable for waste land, techniques of plant cultivation and management and model engineering for vegetation recovery of large areas. Construct ecological agricultural engineering in agricultural areas, including the establishment of patterns for development of ecological agriculture, the development of techniques for appropriate use of agricultural fertilizers and use of ecologically benign agricultural techniques and the construction of model engineering for ecological agriculture. 3.2 Develop techniques for purification of surface water in the lake, discharges by hydroponic techniques and model engineering Develop techniques for land treatment system Study the re-utilization of water discharges from hydroponic systems Construct a demonstration zone for use of sewage for hydroponic systems 3.3 Design an ecological park around Dianchi Lake and construct model areas. Investigate land use and resources around the lake: - Land use and lake shore zoning programme - Investigation of the environmental function of lake shore zoning programme - Investigation of pollution sources and discharge rules in the lake shore zone - pollution prevention for various lake shore zones Design an ecological park around the lake: - Design of an ecological protection belt - Scenic areas programme - Design of ecological protection zone - Road programme Construct ecological park demonstration zones around the lake: - Construction of an ecological protection belt - Model construction of scenic areas (minority villages, Dianchi Gallery of Science and Technology, etc.) - Construction of wetland protection zone around the lake - Construction of model zone for public parks around the lake - Construction of model zone for comprehensive exploitation 3.4 Build capacities for the implementation of this project. Train 3-4 persons as backbone technical staff for planning and implementing sewage cultivation techniques and environmental management of the lake basin. Establish automatic monitoring and control systems for lakes in China. Establish national satellite information system network for lake environments The duration of this activity will be four years. The project will be implemented by the National Environmental Protection Agency and the local government. 4. Inputs It is estimated that the total budget for this project is US$4.82 million, of which $1.8 million is international contribution and the remaining $3.02 million is domestic contribution. Budget (in million US dollars) Items Chinese Inputs External Inputs Grant Soft-Loan Loan Total Research 0.76 0.20 0.96 Design 0.02 0.06 0.08 Instruments 0.80 0.10 0.90 Demonstration 1.44 0.54 0.90 2.88 Total 3.02 0.36 0.54 0.90 4.82 5. Benefits This project is intended to restore water quality in Dianchi Lake to the 1980s level and combat pollution of the lake environment. At the same time, technical personnel will be trained. After project implementation, it is expected that the considerable economic losses due to environmental pollution and eutrophication can be reduced. Moreover, the project will benefit human health and social stability. Its economic, social and environmental benefits are multi-fold, and it will play an important role in the sustainable economic development of lake basins in China. 6-3b Water Pollution Control and Sustainable Use of Resources in the Water-land Ecosystem of Baiyangdian Lake Project Scope and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 This project seeks ways to control pollution and improve water quality and stimulate the economic development of the Baiyangdian Lake area. The specific objectives addressed by this project are to restore the eco-environment in Baiyangdian lake. It is based on programme area 14E of China's Agenda 21. 1. Background Baiyangdian, the largest freshwater lake in North China, has always been known as the pearl of the region thanks to its rich local products, convenient transportation facilities, favourable geographical location, and scenic beauty. It connects the city of Baoding in the west and Tianjin in the east, and is in close proximity to Beijing and Shijiazhuang in the north and south, respectively. However, since the 1960s, it has suffered shrinkage of its water surface, drying up of its water source, increasingly serious water pollution resulting from urban industrial waste, leading to the constant drop of aquatic production, and finally to siltation and sedimentation of the lake. Until the 1980s, the area of Baiyangdian's water surface having a water quality ranking of Grade 4-5 had reached 28%, and the area falling into the category of light pollution (Grade 3) occupied 60%. The management, protection, exploitation and utilization of the lake directly affects the livelihood and economy of the local people, future regional development, and eco-environmental improvements in Beijing, Tianjin, and central Hebei. The central government has repeatedly given instructions to work out a thorough solution to water pollution issues in Baiyangdian. Baiyangdian lake basin is a semi-closed interlocked ecosystem which is bounded by the piedmont of the Taihang Mountains in the west and by the low-lying wetland of Central Hebei Plain and the Bohai Sea in the east. Constrained and stimulated by factors related to the formation of land-water landscape morphology, this particular type of ecosystem can intercept, filter, migrate and purify certain incoming pollutants. These processes can either benefit pollution control or can generate natural resources with high economic value. What is more, the semi-closed drainage system, together with the complete territorial structure, can aid in engineering control. For these reasons, it is possible to make the lake basin a typical site for an on-the-spot investigation, and to conduct multiple water pollution control technical experiments, a complete set of engineering experiments, as well as a demonstration. By so doing, it is possible to provide much valuable technology for regional pollution control and sustainable economic development, and to make important contributions in exploring water pollution control theory and practice, much needed by developing countries. There have been a lot of studies and analyses for years on the water pollution control of the Lake, as well as official inspections conducted by governmental leaders at various levels including the detailed investigations on environmental pollution in the area conducted in the 1970s by the Shijiazhuang Institute of Geography (Hebei Province) and the Institute of Zoology, CAS, the studies on the structure, function, environmental effects and prospects for future development of the ecosystem in the water-land interlocked area in the 1990s by the Institute of Geography, the Ecological Centre and the Institute of Zoology under CAS, etc. Starting in the 1970s, 53 control and prevention projects were initiated by the provincial government of Hebei with the support of the central government. In the beginning of 1992, the two biggest paper-making mills were forced to suspend production or change their product line. Meanwhile, two industrial waste treatment plants with a capacity of 8000 tons/day were under construction to lay a sound foundation for water pollution control and prevention in Baiyangdian. However, further consideration is needed of urban centre treatment and the integrated utilization of resources crucial to Baiyangdian. The main existing problems are that oxygen-consuming organic pollution and water body nutrient enrichment are increasing while the water quality continues to deteriorate, and effective means to cope with pollution induced by hard-to-degrade toxic organic materials in organisms with severe toxicity are still unavailable in Baiyangdian. Even after the treatment plants under construction are put into operation, the treated water COD concentration would still fluctuate around 100 mg/l. Furthermore, of the total amount of municipal sewage directly entering Baiyangdian, only a small portion could receive treatment in the plants whereas the larger untreated portion be directly discharged into the lake. Pollution caused by economic activities (daily life, tourism) and by irrational aquatic farming in Baiyangdian need to be handled. In addition, the relations between resource utilization, eco-environment management planning, pollution control/prevention and socio-economic development in the lake basin and surroundings are also waiting to be tackled. 2. Objectives Long-term Objectives To control pollution, improve water quality, develop production, stimulate the economy and improve the health of the people in Baiyangdian. Immediate Objectives Reduce pollutant discharge through the popularization and utilization of clean technologies and production procedures, as well as major centre treatment techniques adaptable to the proposed area. Reduce incoming pollutants to the lake, control lake nutrient enrichment and make the lake's water quality satisfy the requirements of Grade 3 national standard for surface water by using a complete set of new technologies such as centralized land treatment and oxidation pond renovation, treatment of wetland through ecological engineering, etc. Expand effective channels for using recycling centres, to develop aquatic farming and increase reed output. Develop tourism, stimulate the economy, and improve the living standards of local people through the rational utilization of natural resources. 3. Activities 3.1 Develop and popularize new technologies for nonhazardous treatment and waste water treatment technologies for small-scale paper mills and printing and dyeing industries (Anxin County). 3.2 Establish demonstration projects for centralized land treatment and centralized resource use. Develop demonstration projects for centralized land treatment. Develop demonstration projects for centralized treatment related to wet-land ecological engineering and the restoration of ecological function. 3.3 Establish renovation projects for central reservoir and oxidation pond. Establish the Tanghe centre reservoir renovation project for pond-reservoir compatible with oxidation pond treatment. Establish demonstration projects for natural purification of waste discharges. 3.4 Carry out demonstration studies: on optimization model for pollution control and resource utilization in Baiyangdian; on optimization model for water body self-purification and aquatic farming; on optimization management model for reeds production, farming, tourism development, water allocation, and pollution control. 3.5 Study water pollution control theory and methodology of water pollution related to geochemical ecological engineering. These activities will be organized by the local government of Hebei Province. The duration of this project will be three years. 4. Inputs The total funding for this project is US $ 3.55 million, including US $1.81 million from domestic inputs, US $0.26 million in international grant and US $1.48 million in loan. Budget (in million US dollars) Activity Chinese Inputs External Input Grant Soft-loan Total 3.1 0.10 0.02 0.08 0.20 3.2 0.89 0.14 0.76 1.79 3.3 0.59 0.07 0.47 1.13 3.4 0.18 0.03 0.14 0.35 3.5 0.05 0.03 0.08 Total 1.81 0.26 1.48 3.55 5. Benefits The most direct benefit to be obtained following the implementation of the project is the ability to control the effect of pollution from Baoding on Baiyangdian. Under normal conditions, the occurrence of serious accidents such as large-scale fish extermination will be minimized. With centralized resource to use techniques, centralized industrial reuse will be possible and water quality in Baiyangdian will regain the Grade 3 standard for land surface water. In addition, areas irrigated for agricultural purposes and aquatic farms will be expanded, water quality will be improved (with benefits for tourist areas), the normal function of the damaged aquatic ecosystem will be restored, and pollution-induced conflicts among cities, prefectures and counties will be eliminated to promote stability and unity. From a long-term point of view, the improvement of water quality accompanied by the stimulation of benign circulation in regional ecosystems will benefit the regional economy and raise the living standards and health of the people. In addition, Baiyangdian can serve as a buffer, storing water coming to Beijing once the Middle Route Water Transfer from South to North has been completed. This will guarantee the safety of domestic water supply for the capital. The research results and applied technology of the proposal will serve as an example for regional water pollution control in the northern part of China.   6-3C Conservation of Water Environment and Ecology of the Bosteng Lake in Xinjiang, China Project Scope and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 This project seeks to further the sustainable development of the Yanqi Basin, through a strategy emphasizing wetland ecosystem improvement and recovery, Bosteng Lake water quality and its biodiversity protection. The project is based on the sustainable development and capacity building objectives of programme area 14C of China's Agenda 21, and will contribute to a number of related programme areas including conservation of land, water, energy, and biodiversity resources, and the improvement of human settlements (programme areas 12B, 15A, 16B,18A). 1 . Background Bosteng Lake is situated in the Bayinguoleng Mongolian Antonomous Prefecture ("Bazhou") in Xinjiang, on the northern fringe of the Takelamakan desert. Kuerle, the capital of Bazhou, lies near the Lake, and China's Xinjiang oil base is situated in the area. The Bosteng Lake is also the water source supply area of the Green Corridor as well as a class one white swan nature reserve. Bosteng Lake lies in the area of the Yanqi basin, a well-Anown important agricultural region in Xinjiang. Bosteng Lake, with its 3 billion m3, of storage capacity, is undoubtedly the lifeblood of the local economy. At the same time, the level of pollution and of water quality of Bosteng Lake will be decisive in determining the viability of the Green Corridor. Therefore, preserving Bosteng Lake is essential to prevent the deterioration of the ecological environment and desertification in Bazhou. In the 23 years from 1958 to 1981 , Bosteng Lake has shruk and the wetland around it has retreated. Moreover, water quality is steadily deteriorating. It is clear that both water quality and water quantity in Bosteng Lake have suffered serious degradation. In the last 30 years, the water level of the Lake has dropped by 3.54 metres, the area of water reduced by 120 km2, and the water storage capacity decreased by 3 billion m3. The salinization of Bosteng Lake is also serious due to the deterioration of wetland and a great amount of farmland drainage. Industrial waste water and domestic sewage is drained directly into the Lake, resulting in an increase in the mineral content of lake water by 0.385 g/l to 1.8 g/l in the 25 years from 1958 to 1981, with a level of l.6 g/l at the present time. Thus, what was originally a fresh water lake has evolved into a slightly saline lake. The organic pollution of the lake water is also serious, with PH value reaching 8.69. The area of reed has been significantly reduced and growth of the natural community declined. The area of reed wetland has been reduced from 558.4 km2 in 1958 to 300 km2 in 1988, a reduction of about 40%. Of the remaining, a total of 80% has been affected by deterioration. Reeds yields have been reduced from 250 thousand ton/year to 60 thousand ton/year. The diversity of life-forms in the lake and on the lake-side wetland has been greatly threatened and many rare and precious wild animals have become extinct. Some studies have been conducted on the Lake, including a study on reed resources, land use and soil conservation plans for Bazhou, research on eutrophication in Bosteng Lake (The Seventh Five-Year Plan key project), study on the water/salt balance in Yanqi basin, survey of aquatic resources in Bosteng Iake, etc. 2. Objectives Long-term Objectives Determine control measures, applied technologies and engineering measures suited to China and other developing countries to control salinization of rivers and lakes in arid and semi-arid areas and reduce the mineral content of the water in Bosteng Lake to below one g/l. Immediate Objectives Establish the control measures , technical standards and policies for restoring the water quality of Bosteng Lake Formulate an effective action plan with suggestions for enforcement Establish engineering demonstration areas for restoring the ecology around Bosteng Lake Develop protection technology and demonstration engineering projects for restoring the wetland ecology Carry out research on natural purification technology for farmland waste water and organic industrial waste water Set up an eco-environment control information system for Bosteng Lake Formulate plans for preserving the biodiversity of Bosteng Lake 3. Activities 3.1 Develop techniques and formulate standards and policies for controlling the saline balance of Bosteng Lake. Develop water/salt balance and engineering measures: - Establishment of a saline balance control model - Engineering measures for regulating the salinity of Bosteng Lake water Establish alkaline-removal standards for farmlands and macro control policy for the saline balance in the Bosteng Lake basin 3.2 Design Bosteng Lake lake-side wetland engineering projects and demonstration engineering measures. Formulate layout plan for wetland ecological engineering Screen plant varieties for removing salinity and pollutants Design ecological engineering technology projects to removing salinity and pollutants Design lake-side wetland ecological engineering projects Take actions on the management of wetland ecological engineering: - Selection and utilization of supplementary water resources - Hydrophyte recovery techniques - Technique for saving the wetland ecological environment - Operational management of wetland ecological engineering 3.3 Coordinate the development of basin exploitation and the preservation of water quality in Bosteng Lake. Map out basin land use plan Calculate salinity output loading in developing basin farmlands Study the relationship between farmland drainage and the water of Bosterg Lake Formulate an optimized coordination plan for the sustainable development of the basin Establish a basin exploitation and environmental control model 3.4 Formulate Green Corridor preservation plan. Conduct survey of Green Corridor water source supply capacity Formulate a Bosteng Lake water management plan Formulate a Green Corridor ecological preservation plan 3.5 Establish the Bosteng Lake eco-environment control information system. Investigate the baseline environmental conditions of Bosteng Lake and its basin Study the relationship between the lake water environment, diversity of wetland organisms and social/economic development and changes of natural environment, including: -Relationship between human activities and the saline balance - Relationship between human activities and the deterioration of wetland - Rational exploitation and lake wetland eco-environment protection Formulate a Bosteng Lake eco-environment (including wetland life-forms diversity) protection plan Formulate an eco-environmental improvement measures and engineering plan Conduct ecological protection zoning Formulate a lake eco-environment protection plan including: - Bosteng Lake eco-environmental protection laws, regulations and management techniques - Setting up administration organs and their functions - Bosteng lake environmental protection laws and regulations - Macro decision-making system 3.6 Train 3 - 4 persons as the key members for lake basin control, saline balance and control, and ecological engineering planning and implementation. The implementing agency will be the National Environmental Protection Agency, and local government. The duration of the above activities will be four years. 4. Inputs 4.1 Chinese inputs project management Transport, office facilities and equipment for domestic experts and other working personnel and necessary equipment available in China Equipment and related instrumentation needed for lake water quality recovery engineering 4.2 International cooperation Joint research Cooperation for joint exploitation and construction Import of necessary instruments and equipments International funds 4.3 Budget The estimated budget of this proposed project is US$ 11.12 million, including international inputs of US $3.62 million and Chinese inputs of US $7.5 million. Budget (in million US dollars) Items Chinese Inputs International Inputs GrantSoft-loan Total Engineering Expenses 6.15 2.50 8.65 Operational expenses 0.85 -- 0.85 Research expenses -- 0.500.62 1.12 Survey expenses 0.30 -- 0.30 Meeting and materials expenses 0.20 -- 0.20 Total 7.50 0.503.12 11.12 5. Benefits Implementation of the project will restore the eco-environment of degraded reed wetland (73.2 km2) and preserve the habitats of wild animals and birds, thereby preserving wetland diversity. It will also improve the water quality of Bosteng Lake and preserve lake water resources. The mineral content of Bosteng Lake, in the light of the long-tenm objective, will be maintained at below 1 g/l. Water quality will reach the China national surface water quality standard Class II, ensuring water quality conditions necessary to promote the sustained economic growth in the region. The project will regulate the balance of water capacity in arid areas and improve regional climate. The sale of reed, will generate substantial income, and following project completion, the annual benefit will be approximately US$ 2 million in the short-term and up to US$ 5 million in the long-term. The Bosteng Lake basin is an area which is short of water. The protection of this lake can guarantee sustainable economic growth and the preservation of the Green Corridor.   Text Browser Utilities: [Back, ACCA21 Home] For more information about ACCA21 contact: web@acca21.edu.cn Address: 109 Wanquanhe Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100089, People's Republic of China Telephone: +86-10-82636193, +86-10-82634400 Ext.2401 Fax: +86-10-82636192