กก 1. Project Summary and Relationship to China's Agenda 21 Beijingís Shichahai lake area, an important scenery of the ancient capital, contributes a significant role in purifying Beijing's environment. Based on the investigation of overall air and water pollution sources, this project seeks to formulate the development plan for the area and to implement environmental treatment project so as to provide demonstration for similar areas in China. This project is based on programme areas 7C, 10C and 14C of China's Agenda 21, and is related to programme areas 9B, 14A and 10D. กก 2. Background The Shichahai water area is, under the administration of Xicheng district, located in Beijing downtown, the north end of Beijing's north-south axis, which together with its neighbouring area, forms a historical-cultural landscape with ancient history and unique culture. The total area reaches 146.7 hectares (34 hectares covered by water). Since the Yuan Dynasty, a lot of missions of princes, temples, guild halls and resident houses has been set up around Shichahai Lake. For several centuries its unique building pattern and environment has not undergone remarkable changes. Therefore, the area has become an important component of the ancient capital. More than 30 preservation units of cultural relics are distributed in this area. Shichahai Lake together with Beihai Lake and Zhongnanhai Lake forms the so called "six-connected-sea" river system in downtown which functions as the "lung of city". They not only beautified various aspects of city life in the past dynasties, but also played an important role in improving city's climate and cleaning the city's environment. In recent years, along with rapid economic development of the city, there follows a fast growth of population and construction density. As a result, the quality of air and water are threatened to affect the originally fine living and residential environment. The annual average of total nitrogen in the lake reached 1.57 mg/l, 1.65 mg/l in 1994, 1995 respectively which is higher than the national standard of 1.0 mg/l, seriously causing the water eutrophication. The daily average NOx, CO and suspended particles in the area reached 0.302 mg/m3, 4.2 mg/m3 and 0.312 mg/m3 respectively which are also higher than the national standards. Since 1992, a series of measures has been taken under the guidance of ìOverall Plan for Shichahai Lake Historical-Cultural Landscape" with the aim to keep its traditional style and to restore ancient residential features with old Beijing culture. However, the low FAR (floor area ratio) hinders any action taken to improve environment and residential conditions, protect the man-made scenes with historical and cultural features while not damage the development of economy. This problem is popular in most China's historical-cultural landscapes. The purpose of this project is to seek an international aid, protect and exploit the cultural resources, improve environment and develop economy. Since 1984, Xicheng district has invited a number of domestic experts to explore the reform of Shichahai lake area. Tsinghua University has worked out a plan to keep its unique building style and made an environmental quality assessment of this area. In 1992, the Shichahai lake area overall plan, in line of the principle of coordination of environmental, social and economic development, was approved by the Beijing Municipal Government. A special administrative organisation has been set up to facilitate its implementation. Xicheng government has made special financial allocation to Shichahai lake area for monitoring environmental and treating pollution. กก 3. Objectives 3.1 Long-term Objective Formulate an area plan, set up a natural resources management system which combines the role of market-driven mechanism and government macro-regulation to control air and water pollution, and restore ecological balance. Create a comfortable living area surrounded by traditional cultural style and feature of the ancient capital. This project will also lay a solid foundation for further development and utilisation of historical and cultural resources of the area and realisation of sustainable development. 3.2 Immediate Objectives * To perfect a working plan to restore Shichahai lake historical-cultural heritage; * To formulate policies and feasible scheme for the preservation and utilisation of resources of this area based on the principle of combination of market-driven mechanism and government macro-control regulations; * To develop an environmental and ecological protection plan, assess air and water pollution in the area, build demonstration project of pollution control and set up an environment monitoring network with a GIS database of the area. กก 4. Outputs and Activities 4.1 Formulation of the detailed control plan of Shichahai lake area * To draft a detailed working plan of Shichahai lake area, based on the original overall plan, to develop sustainable development strategy of the area as the guideline for future development; * To make an adjustment of land functions and establish the controlling index for land use to control the residential building area, to enlarge the areas for vegetation, cultural heritage and road construction, develop a road system in the area with consideration of vegetation coverage and cultural relics protection; * To organise experts, engineers and technicians to investigate the history and current state of the area and to determine implementing programs concerning relics preservation, optimisation of energy consumption structure and water conservation. Monitoring Indicators: a detailed working plan of the Shichahai lake area; a report and implementation scheme on cultural relics protection, the improvement of fuel use and water conservation construction; local regulations on environmental protection and resources conservation. Implementing Agencies: Xicheng Planning Bureau, Xicheng Shichahai Administration, Xicheng Environmental Protection Agency, Xicheng Culture and Cultural Relics Bureau Time Schedule: June 1996 - December 1997 4.2 Formulation of a plan for strengthening environment management, pollution treatment and ecological protection * To start all-around investigation on present condition of air and water quality and to identify the sources of pollution; * To work out an ecological and environmental protection plan of this area and the working scheme, propose corresponding measures; * To set up environment monitoring stations according to the plan and to conduct regular monitoring; * To develop computer management system for environmental monitoring, and to study the environment load capacity of this area in order to realise the total quantity of pollution control. Monitoring Indicators: a report on the current state of water and air quality and sources of pollution; a programme on environmental and ecological protection, together with pollution treatment project; a computer system for simulation of total quantity of pollution emission; and a database on monitoring air and water quality. Implementing Agencies: Xicheng Planning Bureau, Xicheng Environmental Protection Agency, Xicheng Shichahai Administration Time Schedule: January 1997 - June 1998 4.3 Demonstration projects for environmental pollution control * To implement demonstration projects to reduce the discharge of particles and SO2 from industrial furnace, heating boilers and stoves. To adopt coal-shaping technology and equipment to shape the coal for the use of 20 furnaces and boilers which consume more than 1 ton coal every day. In order to use shaped coal, 20 boilers and 30 stoves will be remoulded. It is expected the discharge will be reduced 16 tons of particles and 28 tons of SO2 every year; * To implement demonstration projects for the technology and equipment in use of clean energy. Furnaces, boilers, and stoves in 100 units will use electricity, oil or natural gas instead of coal. It is expected to reduce 10 tons of particles and 32 tons of SO2 every year; * Partly evacuate sludge, add chemical agents, and study or introduce advanced technology to treat the eutrophication of Shichahai Lake and improve the water quality; * To enlarge the coverage of vegetation in this area from 110 thousand m2 to 120 thousand m2 in two years; Monitoring Indicators: the air quality at or above national standard; elimination of the eutrophication in Shichahai lake. Implementing Agencies: Xicheng Environmental Protection Agency, Xicheng Shichahai Administration Time Schedule: December 1997 - December 1998 4.4 Public participation in local ecological and environmental protection * To widely conduct public education on sustainable development and mobilise the people in the area to protect environment; * To set up mass self-ruled organisation to conduct regular activities to keep the public green land clean, and to pick up wastes; * To organise the primary and middle school pupils to take part in public welfare activities and participate in the implementation of the sustainable development plan of the area; * To strengthen management on municipal solid wastes, and to build necessary public facilities to end the free casting of solid wastes and family wastes. Monitoring Indicators: 100% of the local resident in the area knowing the concept of sustainable development, 50% of the local resident in the area participate the public welfare work. Implementing Agency: Xicheng District Goverment, Shichahai Administration Time Schedule: January 1997 - December 1998 กก 5. Inputs 5.1 Chinese Inputs The Chinese input will mainly use for personnel training, purchase of environmental monitoring equipment, computer system and pollution treatment. 5.2 International Inputs The international inputs will mainly cover for introduction of advanced technology and part of the equipment from abroad. They will also include part of the cost for personnel training, and technical consultation. 5.3 Budget Total funding for this project is US$ 2.2 million, in which US$ 1.2 million from Chinese input and US$ 1.0 million from abroad. กก Table 1. Budget by Item (in million US dollars)
กก Table 2. Budget by Output (in million US dollars)
กก 6. Benefits The project will bring significant economic, social and environmental benefits to people living in the Shichahai lake area and lay a solid foundation for sustainable development in this area. The implementation of this project will provide demonstration for reconstruction of China's large cities and development of historical and cultural resources. It will also help Beijing to work out a sustainable development scheme. กก 7. Risks The in-flow of water to the area comes from Haidian District, Beijing This may add difficulty to the investigation of the source of water pollution. Other obstacles may be: the low public ecological awareness and the low quality of personnel education on urban environmental protection, planning and management. The risks can be reduced by cooperation with relevant departments in Haidian District, personnel training and increasing public awareness on sustainable development.
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